Contact
Oleg Brandt
Group Members
Oleg Brandt, Anna Mullin, Michael Revering, Theo Reymermier, Aashaq Shah, Paul Swallow, Julian Wack
Former Graduate Student Members
Toby Satterthwaite (2022)
Former Student Members
Jonas Dej (2024), Tom Adolphus (2024), Patrick Collins (2024), Peter (Yangling) Wan (2024), Espe Winter Lopez (2023), Jindra Jelinek (2023), Théo Reymermier (2022), Olivia Valentino (2022), Peng Wang (2022), Noshin Tarranum (2021), Bálint Szepfalvi (2020)
Introduction
The particle nature of Dark Matter, which accounts for 4/5 of the Universe, is one of the biggest questions in physics today. Many extensions of the Standard Model with Dark Matter candidates also predict other new particles with macroscopic lifetimes. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) provides an unprecedented possibility to search for such long-lived particles in a controlled laboratory environment. One of the major goals of the Cambridge HEP group is to explore this opportunity.
Due to their finite size, it is difficult for existing LHC detectors like ATLAS to search for electrically neutral massive ultra-long-lived particles with proper lifetimes cτ > 10 m. To address this shortcoming, we recently proposed ANUBIS, AN Underground Belayed In-Shaft search experiment (see arXiv:1909.13022, → CERN webpage). The ANUBIS concept foresees instrumenting the existing service shafts above the ATLAS (or CMS) experiment with tracking stations, see sketch below.
For scenarios with electrically neutral ultra-long-lived massive particles with masses of 1 GeV and above, the lifetime reach is increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to currently operating and approved future experiments at the LHC, see Figure below for a standard benchmark model that assumes the Higgs boson as a portal beteween the Standard Model and the Dark Sector that contains the Dark Matter particle.
ANUBIS Detector Concept
The crux of the ANUBIS proposal is that it can provide a competitive sensitivity for very moderate costs. One important factor to achieve this is to rely on existing infrastructure, practically avoiding any need for civil engineering, for instance by "recycling" the PX14 service shaft of ATLAS and the existing infrastructure (for instance the crane, that can carry up to 270 t).
An important challenge for the costs of the ANUBIS detector is the sheer active area to be instrumented. We identified the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) technology as the best fit for purpose. In a nutshell, an RPC detector is something like a two-dimensional Geiger counter between two sheets of resistive plates. This technology fulfills the strict timing requirements of below 500 ps, a good spatial resolution of about 1 cm, and all this for very moderate costs! In fact, the costs can be dramatically reduced by adapting the new generation of BIS7/8 RPCs being installed in ATLAS for Run 3, resulting (only!) a four-digit pricetag per square metre. Costs will be further reduced through a modular design of the detector.
Current Efforts
The efforts of the Cambridge HEP group and our collaborators currently focus on making the physics case for ANUBIS rock-solid, as outlined below.
Detailed simulation of ANUBIS
We are currently working on a more detailed simulation of the ANUBIS detector. After an initial round of studies of the basic ANUBIS detector geometry (see proposal, first presentation at Physics Beyond Colliders, and recent talk at the VIIIth LLP workshop), we are aiming to refine the kinematic selections and to refine the ANUBIS detector geometry in simulations. Here, we focus on both SM processes (together with Noshin) and on other New Physics scenarios (in collaboration with our colleagues from the IPPP Durham and beyond, through the IPPP Associateship). Moreover, together with Paul we are working on the validation and performance studies of the BIS-7/8 PRCs, which upgraded the ATLAS detector for Run 3, and use a very similar technology to that foreseen for ANUBIS. The imperative next step is to implement a full Geant4 based model of the ANUBIS detector together with the PX14 shaft, the ATLAS cavern, and the ATLAS detector.
The proANUBIS Prototype
An important component of any simulations of zero-background (or very low background) searches is to juxtapose the projections based on simulation with measurements. For this, we foresee constructing proANUBIS, a 1 x 1 x 1 m3 prototype of one tracking station module for ANUBIS based on BIS-7/8 RPC technology, as shown in the sketch below. The primary goal of proANUBIS is to measure the particle fluxes in various positions inside the ATLAS cavern during Run 3 of the LHC and to study the performance in detail. The ultimate goal is to correlate the measurements with the results from simulations elaborated above. Another purpose of proANUBIS is to confirm the long-term stability of the detector response and radiation hardness when using eco-gases.
Further information
Further information on ANUBIS can be found below, ranging from phenomenology/sensitivity studies performed by other groups, to (selected) presentations on ANUBIS at workshops and seminars.ANUBIS on arXiv
There are several phenomenology/sensitivity studies involving ANUBIS that were performed by other groups:- M. Hirsch and Z. Wang, Heavy neutral leptons at ANUBIS
- H. Dreiner, J. Günther, Z. Wang, R-parity Violation and Light Neutralinos at ANUBIS and MAPP
- J. de Vries, H. Dreiner, J. Günther, Z. Wang, G. Zhou, Long-lived Sterile Neutrinos at the LHC in Effective Field Theory
Presentations on ANUBIS
Selected presentations on ANUBIS at workshops and seminars are provided below:- Physics Beyond Colliders Working Group (Nov 2019)
- 18th SHiP Collaboration Meeting (Oct 2019)
- VIth Workshop of the LHC Long Lived Particle Community (Nov 2019)
- A new generation of RPCs for next generation experiments (Feb 2020)
- Prospects to search for light feebly-interacting scalar particles at MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, FASER, ANUBIS, ...(Sept 2020)
- VIIIth Workshop of the LHC Long Lived Particle Community (Nov 2020)